2 Samuel 3:1

Authorized King James Version

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Now there was long war between the house of Saul and the house of David: but David waxed stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul waxed weaker and weaker.

Original Language Analysis

וַתְּהִ֤י H1961
וַתְּהִ֤י
Strong's: H1961
Word #: 1 of 16
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
הַמִּלְחָמָה֙ war H4421
הַמִּלְחָמָה֙ war
Strong's: H4421
Word #: 2 of 16
a battle (i.e., the engagement); generally, war (i.e., war-fare)
אֲרֻכָּ֔ה Now there was long H752
אֲרֻכָּ֔ה Now there was long
Strong's: H752
Word #: 3 of 16
long
בֵּ֚ין H996
בֵּ֚ין
Strong's: H996
Word #: 4 of 16
between (repeated before each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction, either...or
וּבֵ֥ית and the house H1004
וּבֵ֥ית and the house
Strong's: H1004
Word #: 5 of 16
a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
שָׁא֖וּל of Saul H7586
שָׁא֖וּל of Saul
Strong's: H7586
Word #: 6 of 16
shaul, the name of an edomite and two israelites
וּבֵ֖ין H996
וּבֵ֖ין
Strong's: H996
Word #: 7 of 16
between (repeated before each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction, either...or
וּבֵ֥ית and the house H1004
וּבֵ֥ית and the house
Strong's: H1004
Word #: 8 of 16
a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
וְדָוִד֙ but David H1732
וְדָוִד֙ but David
Strong's: H1732
Word #: 9 of 16
david, the youngest son of jesse
וְדָוִד֙ but David H1732
וְדָוִד֙ but David
Strong's: H1732
Word #: 10 of 16
david, the youngest son of jesse
הֹֽלְכִ֥ים waxed H1980
הֹֽלְכִ֥ים waxed
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 11 of 16
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
וְחָזֵ֔ק and stronger H2390
וְחָזֵ֔ק and stronger
Strong's: H2390
Word #: 12 of 16
powerful
וּבֵ֥ית and the house H1004
וּבֵ֥ית and the house
Strong's: H1004
Word #: 13 of 16
a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
שָׁא֖וּל of Saul H7586
שָׁא֖וּל of Saul
Strong's: H7586
Word #: 14 of 16
shaul, the name of an edomite and two israelites
הֹֽלְכִ֥ים waxed H1980
הֹֽלְכִ֥ים waxed
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 15 of 16
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
וְדַלִּֽים׃ and weaker H1800
וְדַלִּֽים׃ and weaker
Strong's: H1800
Word #: 16 of 16
properly, dangling, i.e., (by implication) weak or thin

Analysis & Commentary

Now there was long war between the house of Saul and the house of David: but David waxed stronger and stronger, and the house of Saul waxed weaker and weaker.

This verse contributes to the narrative of Abner Defects and Dies, emphasizing political maneuvering, revenge consequences. This chapter illustrates the complexity of political transition and personal revenge. Abner's defection using covenant language (brit, בְּרִית) contrasts with Joab's treacherous murder, demonstrating how personal vengeance undermines national purposes. The text develops themes of legitimate vs illegitimate authority, the corrupting power of revenge, and maintaining integrity when others act unethically.

Historical Context

The historical setting of 2 Samuel 3 occurs during David's reign (circa 1010-970 BCE) over Israel's united monarchy. Archaeological discoveries, including the Tel Dan inscription mentioning the 'House of David,' corroborate biblical historicity. Ancient Near Eastern customs regarding political maneuvering, revenge consequences provide crucial background. The geopolitical situation involved regional powers—Philistines, Ammonites, Arameans, Moabites, Edomites—as David consolidated and expanded Israel's territory. Cultural practices concerning kingship, warfare, covenant relationships, family dynamics, and religious observance differed significantly from modern Western contexts, requiring careful attention to avoid anachronistic interpretation while extracting timeless theological principles applicable across cultures and eras.

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